From Local Earth to Modern Structures (2024-12)¶

This review presents a detailed analysis of locally materials-based cementitious composites for 3D-printing construction. The study thoroughly examines the properties of different types of clay, their chemical composition, and the benefits of thermal, chemical, and mechanical activation methods. Special attention is given to the optimization of clay-based composites through the incorporation of calcined clays and limestone, which significantly reduce the carbon footprint of cement production while enhancing mechanical and rheological properties. The fresh and hardened states of these composites are analysed to address key factors of rheology, extrudability, buildability, green strength, and mechanical and durability performances. The influence of mixed design parameters, including water-to-binder ratios and use of additives, is critically evaluated to optimize printability and structural performance. Extensive literature is presented in the form of tables to provide a comparative analysis of components, effective factors and optimum ranges of calcined clay cement-based composites for 3D-printing. By consolidating the current research and practical case studies, this review identifies the potential of local materials to create efficient, resilient, and sustainable 3D-printed structures specifically in extreme environments such as those found in urban regions and oil fields of Oman. The findings presented here are essential for advancing the application of local resources in sustainable construction, providing valuable insights for researchers and practitioners in the field.