Skip to content

A Comprehensive Review on Fresh State Rheological Properties of Extrusion-Mortars Designed for 3D Printing Applications (2022-04)

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127629

 Saruhan Vedat,  Keskinateş Muhammer,  Felekoğlu Burak
Journal Article - Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 337

Abstract

Interest in 3D construction method has been increasing rapidly in recent years due to its advantages compared to conventional method of reinforced concrete building. The fresh state rheological properties (viscosity, yield stress, thixotropy etc.) of mixtures composed via “layer-by-layer” forming technique gain importance in 3D construction. The influence of fresh state rheological properties on pumpability, extrudability and buildability have been comprehensively evaluated based on recent literature. The role of material ingredients and mixture proportions on the rheological behavior of extrusion mortar is discussed and finally their influence on 3D printing performance is classified.

68 References

  1. Alghamdi Hussam, Nair Sooraj, Neithalath Narayanan (2019-02)
    Insights into Material-Design, Extrusion Rheology, and Properties of 3D Printable Alkali-Activated Fly-Ash-Based Binders
  2. Bentz Dale, Jones Scott, Bentz Isaiah, Peltz Max (2018-06)
    Towards the Formulation of Robust and Sustainable Cementitious Binders for 3D Additive Construction by Extrusion
  3. Bos Freek, Wolfs Robert, Ahmed Zeeshan, Salet Theo (2016-08)
    Additive Manufacturing of Concrete in Construction:
    Potentials and Challenges of 3D Concrete Printing
  4. Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Jones Scott, Dirrenberger Justin (2018-06)
    3D Printing Using Concrete-Extrusion:
    A Roadmap for Research
  5. Cheikh Khadija, Rémond Sébastien, Khalil Noura, Aouad Georges (2017-04)
    Numerical and Experimental Studies of Aggregate-Blocking in Mortar-Extrusion
  6. Chen Yu, Figueiredo Stefan, Yalçınkaya Çağlar, Çopuroğlu Oğuzhan et al. (2019-04)
    The Effect of Viscosity-Modifying Admixture on the Extrudability of Limestone and Calcined-Clay-Based Cementitious Material for Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing
  7. Chen Mingxu, Guo Xiangyang, Zheng Yan, Li Laibo et al. (2018-11)
    Effect of Tartaric Acid on the Printable, Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printing Sulphoaluminate Cement-Paste
  8. Chen Mingxu, Li Laibo, Wang Jiaao, Huang Yongbo et al. (2019-10)
    Rheological Parameters and Building Time of 3D Printing Sulphoaluminate-Cement-Paste Modified by Retarder and Diatomite
  9. Figueiredo Stefan, Rodríguez Claudia, Ahmed Zeeshan, Bos Derk et al. (2019-03)
    An Approach to Develop Printable Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
  10. Gosselin Clément, Duballet Romain, Roux Philippe, Gaudillière-Jami Nadja et al. (2016-03)
    Large-Scale 3D Printing of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete:
    A New Processing Route for Architects and Builders
  11. Hambach Manuel, Volkmer Dirk (2017-02)
    Properties of 3D Printed Fiber-Reinforced Portland-Cement-Paste
  12. Hwang Dooil, Khoshnevis Behrokh (2004-09)
    Concrete Wall Fabrication by Contour Crafting
  13. Jayathilakage Roshan, Sanjayan Jay, Rajeev Pathmanathan (2019-01)
    Direct-Shear-Test for the Assessment of Rheological Parameters of Concrete for 3D Printing Applications
  14. Keita Emmanuel, Bessaies-Bey Hela, Zuo Wenqiang, Belin Patrick et al. (2019-06)
    Weak Bond Strength Between Successive Layers in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing:
    Measurement and Physical Origin
  15. Khalil Noura, Aouad Georges, Cheikh Khadija, Rémond Sébastien (2017-09)
    Use of Calcium-Sulfoaluminate-Cements for Setting-Control of 3D Printing Mortars
  16. Khoshnevis Behrokh (2003-11)
    Automated Construction by Contour Crafting:
    Related Robotics and Information Technologies
  17. Kruger Jacques, Zeranka Stephan, Zijl Gideon (2019-07)
    3D Concrete Printing:
    A Lower-Bound Analytical Model for Buildability-Performance-Quantification
  18. Kruger Jacques, Zeranka Stephan, Zijl Gideon (2019-07)
    An Ab-Inito Approach for Thixotropy Characterisation of Nano-Particle-Infused 3D Printable Concrete
  19. Le Thanh, Austin Simon, Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard et al. (2012-01)
    Hardened Properties of High-Performance Printing Concrete
  20. Le Thanh, Austin Simon, Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard et al. (2012-01)
    Mix-Design and Fresh Properties for High-Performance Printing Concrete
  21. Lee Hojae, Kim Jang-Ho, Moon Jae-Heum, Kim Won-Woo et al. (2019-08)
    Correlation Between Pore Characteristics and Tensile Bond Strength of Additive Manufactured Mortar Using X-Ray Computed Tomography
  22. Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard, Le Thanh, Austin Simon et al. (2011-07)
    Developments in Construction-Scale Additive Manufacturing Processes
  23. Liu Zhixin, Li Mingyang, Weng Yiwei, Wong Teck et al. (2018-12)
    Mixture-Design-Approach to Optimize the Rheological Properties of the Material Used in 3D Cementitious Material-Printing
  24. Lu Bing, Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Qian Ye et al. (2019-02)
    A Systematical Review of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials
  25. Ma Guowei, Li Zhijian, Wang Li (2017-12)
    Printable Properties of Cementitious Material Containing Copper-Tailings for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  26. Ma Guowei, Li Zhijian, Wang Li, Wang Fang et al. (2019-01)
    Mechanical Anisotropy of Aligned Fiber-Reinforced Composite for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  27. Malaeb Zeina, Sakka Fatima, Hamzeh Farook (2019-02)
    3D Concrete Printing:
    Machine Design, Mix Proportioning, and Mix Comparison Between Different Machine Setups
  28. Marchon Delphine, Kawashima Shiho, Bessaies-Bey Hela, Mantellato Sara et al. (2018-05)
    Hydration- and Rheology-Control of Concrete for Digital Fabrication:
    Potential Admixtures and Cement-Chemistry
  29. Marchment Taylor, Xia Ming, Dodd Elise, Sanjayan Jay et al. (2017-07)
    Effect of Delay-Time on the Mechanical Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Concrete
  30. Mazhoud Brahim, Perrot Arnaud, Picandet Vincent, Rangeard Damien et al. (2019-04)
    Underwater 3D Printing of Cement-Based Mortar
  31. Mechtcherine Viktor, Nerella Venkatesh, Kasten Knut (2013-12)
    Testing Pumpability of Concrete Using Sliding-Pipe Rheometer
  32. Mendoza Reales Oscar, Duda Pedro, Silva Emílio, Paiva Maria et al. (2019-06)
    Nanosilica-Particles as Structural Buildup Agents for 3D Printing with Portland Cement-Pastes
  33. Nair Sooraj, Alghamdi Hussam, Arora Aashay, Mehdipour Iman et al. (2019-01)
    Linking Fresh Paste Microstructure, Rheology and Extrusion-Characteristics of Cementitious Binders for 3D Printing
  34. Nematollahi Behzad, Xia Ming, Sanjayan Jay (2017-07)
    Current Progress of 3D Concrete Printing Technologies
  35. Nerella Venkatesh, Hempel Simone, Mechtcherine Viktor (2019-02)
    Effects of Layer-Interface Properties on Mechanical Performance of Concrete Elements Produced by Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  36. Nerella Venkatesh, Näther Mathias, Iqbal Arsalan, Butler Marko et al. (2018-09)
    In-Line Quantification of Extrudability of Cementitious Materials for Digital Construction
  37. Panda Biranchi, Bhagath Singh Gangapatnam, Unluer Cise, Tan Ming (2019-02)
    Synthesis and Characterization of One-Part Geopolymers for Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing
  38. Panda Biranchi, Mohamed Nisar, Paul Suvash, Bhagath Singh Gangapatnam et al. (2019-07)
    The Effect of Material Fresh Properties and Process Parameters on Buildability and Inter-Layer Adhesion of 3D Printed Concrete
  39. Panda Biranchi, Paul Suvash, Lim Jian, Tay Yi et al. (2017-08)
    Additive Manufacturing of Geopolymer for Sustainable Built Environment
  40. Panda Biranchi, Ruan Shaoqin, Unluer Cise, Tan Ming (2018-11)
    Improving the 3D Printability of High-Volume Fly-Ash Mixtures via the Use of Nano-Attapulgite-Clay
  41. Panda Biranchi, Tan Ming (2018-03)
    Experimental Study on Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer for 3D Concrete Printing
  42. Panda Biranchi, Tan Ming (2018-11)
    Rheological Behavior of High-Volume Fly-Ash Mixtures Containing Micro-Silica for Digital Construction Application
  43. Panda Biranchi, Unluer Cise, Tan Ming (2018-10)
    Investigation of the Rheology and Strength of Geopolymer Mixtures for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing
  44. Papachristoforou Michail, Mitsopoulos Vasilios, Stefanidou Maria (2018-10)
    Evaluation of Workability Parameters in 3D Printing Concrete
  45. Paul Suvash, Tay Yi, Panda Biranchi, Tan Ming (2017-08)
    Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials for Building and Construction
  46. Paul Suvash, Zijl Gideon, Tan Ming, Gibson Ian (2018-05)
    A Review of 3D Concrete Printing Systems and Materials Properties:
    Current Status and Future Research Prospects
  47. Pegna Joseph (1997-02)
    Exploratory Investigation of Solid Freeform Construction
  48. Perrot Arnaud, Rangeard Damien, Pierre Alexandre (2015-02)
    Structural Build-Up of Cement-Based Materials Used for 3D Printing-Extrusion-Techniques
  49. Rahul Attupurathu, Santhanam Manu, Meena Hitesh, Ghani Zimam (2018-12)
    3D Printable Concrete:
    Mixture-Design and Test-Methods
  50. Reiter Lex, Wangler Timothy, Roussel Nicolas, Flatt Robert (2018-06)
    The Role of Early-Age Structural Build-Up in Digital Fabrication with Concrete
  51. Roussel Nicolas (2018-05)
    Rheological Requirements for Printable Concretes
  52. Rushing Todd, Chaar Ghassan, Eick Brian, Burroughs Jedadiah et al. (2017-01)
    Investigation of Concrete Mixtures for Additive Construction
  53. Salet Theo, Ahmed Zeeshan, Bos Freek, Laagland Hans (2018-05)
    Design of a 3D Printed Concrete Bridge by Testing
  54. Shakor Pshtiwan, Nejadi Shami, Paul Gavin (2019-05)
    A Study into the Effect of Different Nozzles Shapes and Fiber-Reinforcement in 3D Printed Mortar
  55. Souza Marcelo, Ferreira Igor, Moraes Elisângela, Senff Luciano et al. (2020-09)
    3D Printed Concrete for Large-Scale Buildings:
    An Overview of Rheology, Printing Parameters, Chemical Admixtures, Reinforcements, and Economic and Environmental Prospects
  56. Tarhan Yeşim, Şahin Remzi (2021-05)
    Fresh and Rheological Performances of Air-Entrained 3D Printable Mortars
  57. Tay Yi, Li Mingyang, Tan Ming (2019-04)
    Effect of Printing Parameters in 3D Concrete Printing:
    Printing Region and Support Structures
  58. Tay Yi, Qian Ye, Tan Ming (2019-05)
    Printability-Region for 3D Concrete Printing Using Slump- and Slump-Flow-Test
  59. Ting Guan, Tay Yi, Qian Ye, Tan Ming (2019-03)
    Utilization of Recycled Glass for 3D Concrete Printing:
    Rheological and Mechanical Properties
  60. Wangler Timothy, Lloret-Fritschi Ena, Reiter Lex, Hack Norman et al. (2016-10)
    Digital Concrete:
    Opportunities and Challenges
  61. Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Tan Ming, Qian Shunzhi (2018-01)
    Design 3D Printing Cementitious Materials via Fuller-Thompson-Theory and Marson-Percy-Model
  62. Weng Yiwei, Ruan Shaoqin, Li Mingyang, Mo Liwu et al. (2019-06)
    Feasibility Study on Sustainable-Magnesium-Potassium-Phosphate Cement-Paste for 3D Printing
  63. Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2019-03)
    Hardened Properties of 3D Printed Concrete:
    The Influence of Process Parameters on Inter-Layer Adhesion
  64. Zareiyan Babak, Khoshnevis Behrokh (2017-08)
    Effects of Interlocking on Inter-Layer Adhesion and Strength of Structures in 3D Printing of Concrete
  65. Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, Liu Guojian, Yang Yonggan et al. (2018-04)
    Fresh Properties of a Novel 3D Printing Concrete Ink
  66. Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, She Wei, Yang Lin et al. (2019-01)
    Rheological and Hardened Properties of the High-Thixotropy 3D Printing Concrete
  67. Zhou Xiangming, Li Zongjin (2015-08)
    Manufacturing Cement-Based Materials and Building Products via Extrusion:
    From Laboratory to Factory
  68. Zou Shuai, Xiao Jianzhuang, Duan Zhenhua, Ding Tao et al. (2021-10)
    On Rheology of Mortar with Recycled Fine Aggregate for 3D Printing

39 Citations

  1. Tushar Fazlul, Hasan Mehedi, Hasan Kamrul, Mawa Jannatul et al. (2026-01)
    Factors Affecting Flowability and Rheological Behavior of 3D Printed Concrete:
    A Comprehensive Review
  2. Ding Yao, Liu Yifan, Yang Bo, Liu Jiepeng et al. (2026-01)
    Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in 3D Concrete Printing Quality Inspection and Control:
    A State-of-the-Art Review
  3. Yan Yufei, Zhang Mo, Ma Guowei (2025-12)
    Synergistic Effect of Multi-Supplementary Materials on Rheology and Ultra-Early Stage Properties of 3D Printable FA-GBFS Geopolymer
  4. Türk Ayşe, Türk Furkan, Edebali Serpil, Keskin Ülkü (2025-11)
    3D Printable Mortars with Green Materials:
    Sustainable Solutions with Nanocellulose
  5. González-Aviña J., Hosseinpoor Masoud, Yahia Ammar, Kohandelnia Mojtaba et al. (2025-10)
    Anionic Biopolymers to Enhance Concrete Rheological Properties for 3D Printing Applications
  6. Anwar Muhammad, Zhu Xingyi, Zhang Yating, Wang Jiakang et al. (2025-09)
    Synergistic Effects of Microwave Curing Regimes on Early, Mid, and Long-Term Strengths and Microstructural Performance of Fly Ash-Slag Based 3D-Printed Geopolymers
  7. Els Heinrich, Zijl Gideon, Villiers Wibke (2025-06)
    A Review of Shrinkage and Restrained Shrinkage Cracking in 3D Concrete Printing
  8. Surehali Sahil, Venkatachalam Akshay, Divigalpitiya Ranjith, Kumar Aditya et al. (2025-06)
    Ultra-Low Dosages of Novel Graphene Types Enhance the Rheological Properties and Buildability of 3D Printed Binders
  9. Raza Ali, Junjie Zhang, Fan Jiahui, Umar Muhammad et al. (2025-05)
    Comprehensive Study on the Microstructural and Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites with Yellow River Sand Integration
  10. Tanyildizi Harun, Seloglu Maksut, Bakri Abdullah Mohd, Razak Rafiza et al. (2025-04)
    The Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Geopolymers:
    A Review
  11. Zhang Ziqi, Pan Tinghong, Guoa Rongxin, Lin Runsheng et al. (2025-04)
    Simulation and Analysis of Material Stacking and Migration Induced by Extrusion Behavior in 3D Printed Concrete
  12. Zhang Yuying, Zhu Xiaohong, Li Muduo, Zhang Chao et al. (2025-04)
    3D Printing Technology in Concrete Construction
  13. Li Liqing, Shi Zhenkun, Wang Lei, Sui Yi et al. (2025-03)
    Experimental Study on Rheological Properties and 3D Printing of Simulated Lunar Soil Polymers
  14. Hassan Amer, Alomayri Thamer, Noaman Mohammed, Zhang Chunwei (2025-01)
    3D Printed Concrete for Sustainable Construction:
    A Review of Mechanical Properties and Environmental Impact
  15. Ding Yao, Ou Xingjian, Qi Hongtuo, Xiong Gang et al. (2024-10)
    Inter-Layer Bonding Performance of 3D Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites:
    Rheological Regulation and Fiber Hybridization
  16. Cai Jianguo, Wang Jingsong, Zhang Qian, Du Caixia et al. (2024-10)
    State of the Art of Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Concrete
  17. Rahemipoor Sahand, Bayat Mohammad, Hasany Masoud, Mehrali Mohammad et al. (2024-10)
    Micro-Encapsulated Phase-Change-Material in 3D Printable Mortars
  18. Robayo-Salazar Rafael, Muñoz Miguel, Vargas Armando, Gutiérrez Ruby (2024-08)
    Effects of Incorporating Bentonite, Metakaolin, Microsilica, and Calcium-Carbonate on the Rheological Properties of Portland-Cement-Based 3D Printing Inks
  19. Şahin Hatice, Akgümüş Fatih, Mardani Ali (2024-08)
    Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Fiber‐Reinforced 3D Printable Concrete in Terms of Fiber Content and Aspect Ratio
  20. Gu Yucun, Khayat Kamal (2024-06)
    Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer on 3D Printing Characteristics as Rheology-Modified-Agent
  21. Gu Yucun, Zheng Shuyi, Ma Hongyan, Long Wujian et al. (2024-05)
    Effect of Absorption Kinetics of Superabsorbent Polymers on Printability and Inter-Layer Bond of 3D Printing Concrete
  22. Rahman Mahfuzur, Rawat Sanket, Yang Chunhui, Mahil Ahmed et al. (2024-05)
    A Comprehensive Review on Fresh and Rheological Properties of 3D Printable Cementitious Composites
  23. Khan Mehran, McNally Ciaran (2024-05)
    Recent Developments on Low-Carbon 3D Printing Concrete:
    Revolutionizing Construction Through Innovative Technology
  24. Oulkhir Fatima, Akhrif Iatimad, Jai Mostapha (2024-05)
    3D Concrete Printing Success:
    An Exhaustive Diagnosis and Failure-Modes-Analysis
  25. Zaid Osama, Ouni Mohamed (2024-04)
    Advancements in 3D Printing of Cementitious Materials:
    A Review of Mineral Additives, Properties, and Systematic Developments
  26. Skibicki Szymon, Szewczyk Piotr, Majewska Julia, Sibera Daniel et al. (2024-03)
    The Effect of Inter-Layer Adhesion on Stress-Distribution in 3D Printed Beam Elements
  27. Silva Guido, Quispe Axcel, Baldoceda Jordan, Kim Suyeon et al. (2024-02)
    Additive Construction of Concrete Deep Beams Using Low-Cost Characterization Methods and FEM-Based Topological Optimization
  28. Carvalho Ivo, Melo Abcael, Melo Carlos, Brito Mateus et al. (2023-12)
    Evaluation of the Effect of Rubber-Waste-Particles on the Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Cementitious Materials for 3D Printing
  29. Yin Yunchao, Huang Jian, Wang Tiezhu, Yang Rong et al. (2023-09)
    Effect of Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose on Rheology and Printability of the First Printed Layer of Cement Activated Slag-Based 3D Printing Concrete
  30. Paritala Spandana, Singaram Kailash, Bathina Indira, Khan Mohd et al. (2023-08)
    Rheology and Pumpability of Mix Suitable for Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing:
    A Review
  31. Shilar Fatheali, Ganachari Sharanabasava, Patil Veerabhadragouda, Bhojaraja B. et al. (2023-08)
    A Review of 3D Printing of Geopolymer Composites for Structural and Functional Applications
  32. Fan Dingqiang, Zhu Jinyun, Fan Mengxin, Lu Jianxian et al. (2023-04)
    Intelligent Design and Manufacturing of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete:
    A Review
  33. Fonseca Mariana, Matos Ana (2023-03)
    3D Construction Printing Standing for Sustainability and Circularity:
    Material-Level Opportunities
  34. Vlieger Jentel, Boehme Luc, Blaakmeer Jan, Li Jiabin (2023-01)
    Buildability-Assessment of Mortar with Fine Recycled Aggregates for 3D Printing
  35. Diniz Hugo, Martinelli Antônio, Cabral Kleber, Ferreira Ruan et al. (2023-01)
    Synergistic Effects of the Use of Metakaolin, Sand and Water on the Properties of Cementitious Composites for 3D Printing
  36. Robayo-Salazar Rafael, Gutiérrez Ruby, Villaquirán-Caicedo Mónica, Delvasto Arjona Silvio (2022-12)
    3D Printing with Cementitious Materials:
    Challenges and Opportunities for the Construction Sector
  37. Zhao Yu, Yang Guang, Zhu Lingli, Ding Yahong et al. (2022-10)
    Effects of Rheological Properties and Printing Speed on Molding Accuracy of 3D Printing Basalt-Fiber Cementitious Materials
  38. Diwan Anushree, Patel Shiv, Pal Ankit, Dwivedi Ashutosh et al. (2022-10)
    Flow Characteristics of Cement Mortar with Varied Silica-Fume for Additive Construction
  39. Spuriņa Ella, Šinka Māris, Ziemelis Krists, Vanags Andris et al. (2022-09)
    The Effects of Air-Entraining Agent on Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Concrete

BibTeX
@article{saru_kesk_fele.2022.ACRoFSRPoEMDf3PA,
  author            = "Vedat Saruhan and Muhammer Keskinateş and Burak Felekoğlu",
  title             = "A Comprehensive Review on Fresh State Rheological Properties of Extrusion-Mortars Designed for 3D Printing Applications",
  doi               = "10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127629",
  year              = "2022",
  journal           = "Construction and Building Materials",
  volume            = "337",
}
Formatted Citation

V. Saruhan, M. Keskinateş and B. Felekoğlu, “A Comprehensive Review on Fresh State Rheological Properties of Extrusion-Mortars Designed for 3D Printing Applications”, Construction and Building Materials, vol. 337, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127629.

Saruhan, Vedat, Muhammer Keskinateş, and Burak Felekoğlu. “A Comprehensive Review on Fresh State Rheological Properties of Extrusion-Mortars Designed for 3D Printing Applications”. Construction and Building Materials 337 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127629.