Skip to content

Assessing the Fresh Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials (2022-06)

High-Potential Tests for Quality-Control

10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106836

 Roussel Nicolas,  Buswell Richard,  Ducoulombier Nicolas,  Ivanova Irina,  Kolawole John,  Lowke Dirk,  Mechtcherine Viktor,  Mesnil Romain,  Perrot Arnaud,  Pott Ursula,  Reiter Lex,  Stephan Dietmar,  Wangler Timothy,  Wolfs Robert,  Zuo Wenqiang
Journal Article - Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 158

Abstract

In the absence of a formwork, printable materials are expected to quickly increase their consistency in order to resist the self-weight of the structure being printed. Resolving this rheological requirement with the printing process is the key to successful printing. It is therefore necessary, from a material design, from a process design and from a daily quality control point of view, to have the ability to measure the relevant fresh properties. Because of the range of stresses of interest, there only exist a few standard tests in literature allowing for such an assessment while some new ones were developed in the last decade. The present paper aims at presenting some of these tests along with some preliminary data supporting their ability to capture the material properties of interest while discussing the remaining and related open research questions.

38 References

  1. Benamara Abdeslam, Pierre Alexandre, Kaci Abdelhak, Mélinge Yannick (2020-07)
    3D Printing of a Cement-Based Mortar in a Complex Fluid Suspension:
    Analytical Modeling and Experimental Tests
  2. Bohuchval Marie, Sonebi Mohammed, Amziane Sofiane, Perrot Arnaud (2020-12)
    Effect of Metakaolin and Natural Fibers on Three-Dimensional Printing Mortar
  3. Bos Freek, Kruger Jacques, Lucas Sandra, Zijl Gideon (2021-04)
    Juxtaposing Fresh Material-Characterisation-Methods for Buildability-Assessment of 3D Printable Cementitious Mortars
  4. Buswell Richard, Silva Wilson, Bos Freek, Schipper Roel et al. (2020-05)
    A Process Classification Framework for Defining and Describing Digital Fabrication with Concrete
  5. Carneau Paul, Mesnil Romain, Ducoulombier Nicolas, Roussel Nicolas et al. (2020-07)
    Characterisation of the Layer-Pressing-Strategy for Concrete 3D Printing
  6. Chen Yu, Figueiredo Stefan, Li Zhenming, Chang Ze et al. (2020-03)
    Improving Printability of Limestone-Calcined-Clay-Based Cementitious Materials by Using Viscosity-Modifying Admixture
  7. Ducoulombier Nicolas, Carneau Paul, Mesnil Romain, Demont Léo et al. (2020-07)
    The Slug-Test:
    In-Line-Assessment of Yield-Stress for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing
  8. Ducoulombier Nicolas, Mesnil Romain, Carneau Paul, Demont Léo et al. (2021-05)
    The “Slugs-Test” for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing:
    Protocol, Analysis and Practical Limits
  9. Ivanova Irina, Mechtcherine Viktor (2020-01)
    Possibilities and Challenges of Constant Shear-Rate-Test for Evaluation of Structural Build-Up-Rate of Cementitious Materials
  10. Jacquet Yohan, Perrot Arnaud, Picandet Vincent (2020-11)
    Assessment of Asymmetrical Rheological Behavior of Cementitious Material for 3D Printing Application
  11. Jacquet Yohan, Picandet Vincent, Rangeard Damien, Perrot Arnaud (2020-07)
    Gravity-Driven Tests to Assess Mechanical Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials at Fresh State
  12. Jayathilakage Roshan, Sanjayan Jay, Rajeev Pathmanathan (2019-01)
    Direct-Shear-Test for the Assessment of Rheological Parameters of Concrete for 3D Printing Applications
  13. Khoshnevis Behrokh (2003-11)
    Automated Construction by Contour Crafting:
    Related Robotics and Information Technologies
  14. Kloft Harald, Krauss Hans-Werner, Hack Norman, Herrmann Eric et al. (2020-05)
    Influence of Process Parameters on the Inter-Layer Bond Strength of Concrete Elements Additive Manufactured by Shotcrete 3D Printing
  15. Kruger Jacques, Zeranka Stephan, Zijl Gideon (2019-07)
    An Ab-Inito Approach for Thixotropy Characterisation of Nano-Particle-Infused 3D Printable Concrete
  16. Kruger Jacques, Zeranka Stephan, Zijl Gideon (2019-09)
    Quantifying Constructability Performance of 3D Concrete Printing via Rheology-Based Analytical Models
  17. Lim Sungwoo, Buswell Richard, Le Thanh, Austin Simon et al. (2011-07)
    Developments in Construction-Scale Additive Manufacturing Processes
  18. Mai (née Dressler) Inka, Freund Niklas, Lowke Dirk (2020-01)
    The Effect of Accelerator Dosage on Fresh Concrete Properties and on Inter-Layer Strength in Shotcrete 3D Printing
  19. Marchon Delphine, Kawashima Shiho, Bessaies-Bey Hela, Mantellato Sara et al. (2018-05)
    Hydration- and Rheology-Control of Concrete for Digital Fabrication:
    Potential Admixtures and Cement-Chemistry
  20. Mazhoud Brahim, Perrot Arnaud, Picandet Vincent, Rangeard Damien et al. (2019-04)
    Underwater 3D Printing of Cement-Based Mortar
  21. Mechtcherine Viktor, Bos Freek, Perrot Arnaud, Silva Wilson et al. (2020-03)
    Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing with Cement-Based Materials:
    Production Steps, Processes, and Their Underlying Physics
  22. Nerella Venkatesh, Beigh Mirza, Fataei Shirin, Mechtcherine Viktor (2018-11)
    Strain-Based Approach for Measuring Structural Build-Up of Cement-Pastes in the Context of Digital Construction
  23. Panda Biranchi, Lim Jian, Tan Ming (2019-02)
    Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Early-Age Concrete in the Context of Digital Construction
  24. Perrot Arnaud, Rangeard Damien, Pierre Alexandre (2015-02)
    Structural Build-Up of Cement-Based Materials Used for 3D Printing-Extrusion-Techniques
  25. Pott Ursula, Stephan Dietmar (2021-04)
    Penetration-Test as a Fast Method to Determine Yield-Stress and Structural Build-Up for 3D Printing of Cementitious Materials
  26. Reiter Lex, Wangler Timothy, Anton Ana-Maria, Flatt Robert (2020-05)
    Setting-on-Demand for Digital Concrete:
    Principles, Measurements, Chemistry, Validation
  27. Reiter Lex, Wangler Timothy, Roussel Nicolas, Flatt Robert (2022-04)
    Slow Penetration for Characterizing Concrete for Digital Fabrication
  28. Roussel Nicolas (2018-05)
    Rheological Requirements for Printable Concretes
  29. Roussel Nicolas, Bessaies-Bey Hela, Kawashima Shiho, Marchon Delphine et al. (2019-08)
    Recent Advances on Yield-Stress and Elasticity of Fresh Cement-Based Materials
  30. Schutter Geert, Feys Dimitri (2016-11)
    Pumping of Fresh Concrete:
    Insights and Challenges
  31. Sonebi Mohammed, Dedenis Marie, Abdalqader Ahmed, Perrot Arnaud (2021-11)
    Effect of Red Mud, Nano-Clay, and Natural Fiber on Fresh and Rheological Properties of Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing
  32. Suiker Akke, Wolfs Robert, Lucas Sandra, Salet Theo (2020-06)
    Elastic Buckling and Plastic Collapse During 3D Concrete Printing
  33. Szabó Anna, Reiter Lex, Lloret-Fritschi Ena, Wangler Timothy et al. (2020-07)
    ACDC:
    The Admixture-Controlled Digital Casting and Its Application to Thin-Folded Concrete Structures
  34. Tao Yaxin, Rahul Attupurathu, Lesage Karel, Yuan Yong et al. (2021-02)
    Stiffening Control of Cement-Based Materials Using Accelerators in In-Line Mixing Processes:
    Possibilities and Challenges
  35. Wangler Timothy, Lloret-Fritschi Ena, Reiter Lex, Hack Norman et al. (2016-10)
    Digital Concrete:
    Opportunities and Challenges
  36. Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2018-06)
    Correlation Between Destructive Compression Tests and Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Measurements on Early-Age 3D Printed Concrete
  37. Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2018-02)
    Early-Age Mechanical Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete:
    Numerical Modelling and Experimental Testing
  38. Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2019-06)
    Triaxial Compression Testing on Early-Age Concrete for Numerical Analysis of 3D Concrete Printing

62 Citations

  1. Caneda-Martínez Laura, Hassan M., Demont Léo, Keita Emmanuel et al. (2026-01)
    Fast Penetration Testing of Printable Concretes with a Portable Device:
    Robustness and Calibration
  2. Ferrari Lucia, Rizzieri Giacomo, Ferrara Liberato, Franzoni Elisa (2025-12)
    Rheological Control of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Ceramic Wastes for 3D Printing Applications
  3. Deetman Arjen, Bos Derk, Lucas Sandra, Salet Theo et al. (2025-12)
    A Database Framework for 3D Concrete Printing
  4. Fasihi Ali, Libre Nicolas (2025-11)
    Tip Penetration Test for Rapid in-Line Assessment of Static Yield Stress During 3D Concrete Printing Process
  5. Barry Mamadou, Jacquet Yohan, Perrot Arnaud (2025-10)
    Pocket Vane and Penetrometer as Quality Control Tool for Extrusion 3D Concrete Printing
  6. Paritala Spandana, Raj Shubham, Singh Prashant, Subramaniam Kolluru (2025-09)
    Designing 3D Printable Concrete by Integrating the Influence of Aggregate Characteristics
  7. Márquez Álvaro, Varela Hugo, Barluenga Gonzalo (2025-09)
    Influence of Rheology Modifying Admixtures on the Buildability of 3D Printing Cement-Based Mortars
  8. Flor Juncal Luis, Scott Allan, Clucas Don, Loporcaro Giuseppe (2025-07)
    Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity for Real-Time Filament Quality Monitoring in 3D Concrete Printing Construction
  9. Sando Mona, Stephan Dietmar (2025-07)
    Online Monitoring for 3D Printable Geopolymers:
    Automated Slug Test Analysis with Image Analysis Revealing Mixing Sequence Effects
  10. Fasihi Ali, Libre Nicolas (2025-05)
    Towards Accurate In-Situ Static Yield Stress Measurement for 3D Concrete Printing:
    A Study on Novel Fast Penetration Test
  11. Liu Xingzi, Xu Jie, Dobrzanski James, Kolawole John et al. (2025-05)
    Factors Affecting the Flexural Performance of Reinforced 3D Printed Concrete Beams
  12. Xia Kailun, Chen Yuning, Chen Yu, Jia Lutao et al. (2025-04)
    Programmable Toughening for 3D Printed Concrete and Architected Cementitious Materials
  13. Dobrzanski James, Xu Jie, Bartek Rasti, Becker Daniel et al. (2025-04)
    From Digital Crafting to Digital Manufacturing:
    Automated Production Using Hybrid 3D Concrete Printing
  14. Koszela Kamila, Chajec Adrian (2025-03)
    Sustainable Additive Manufacturing:
    How the Composition of the Cementitious Mix Influences Its Fresh Properties
  15. Mesnil Romain, Rosa Pedro, Demont Léo (2025-03)
    Thickness Optimisation in 3D Printed Concrete Structures
  16. Vasilić Ksenija (2025-02)
    Standardization Aspects of Concrete 3D Printing
  17. Kolawole John, Buswell Richard, Mahmood Sultan, Isa Muhammed et al. (2025-02)
    On the Origins of Anisotropy of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Concrete:
    The Roles of Filament Skin and Agglomeration
  18. Sapata Alise, Šinka Māris, Šahmenko Genādijs, Korat Bensa Lidija et al. (2025-02)
    Establishing Benchmark Properties for 3D-Printed Concrete:
    A Study of Printability, Strength, and Durability
  19. Sando Mona, Stephan Dietmar (2025-02)
    The Role of Mixing Sequence in Shaping the 3D-Printability of Geopolymers
  20. Ducoulombier Nicolas, Bono Victor, Kachkouch Fatima, Jacquet Yohan et al. (2025-01)
    From Laboratory to Practice
  21. Perrot Arnaud, Jacquet Yohan (2025-01)
    3D Concrete Printing by Extrusion and Filament-Deposition
  22. Perrot Arnaud, Jacquet Yohan, Amziane Sofiane (2025-01)
    3D Concrete Printing
  23. Lu Haoyu, Zhang Lizhi, Wang Junkai, Shi Zhaoxin et al. (2024-11)
    Penetration-Test of Sheet-Like Indenter for Yield-Stress-Assessment of 3D Printed Concrete
  24. Motamedi Mahan, Mesnil Romain, Tang Anh-Minh, Pereira Jean-Michel et al. (2024-11)
    Structural Build-Up of 3D Printed Earth by Drying
  25. Bang Jin, Yim Hong (2024-10)
    Unbonded Inter-Layer Evaluation in Freshly 3D Printed Concrete Using Electrical Resistivity Measurements
  26. Varela Hugo, Barluenga Gonzalo, Sonebi Mohammed (2024-09)
    Evaluation of Basalt-Fibers and Nano-Clays to Enhance Extrudability and Buildability of 3D Printing Mortars
  27. Chajec Adrian, Šavija Branko (2024-09)
    The Effect of Using Surface Functionalized Granite-Powder-Waste on Fresh Properties of 3D Printed Cementitious Composites
  28. Wolfs Robert (2024-09)
    The Status Quo of 3D Concrete Printing:
    Are We There Yet?
  29. Bang Jin, Yim Hong (2024-09)
    Non-Destructive Evaluation for the Unbonded Inter-Layer of 3D Printed Concrete
  30. Barry Mamadou, Jacquet Yohan, Kachkouch Fatima, Perrot Arnaud (2024-09)
    Instrumentation of the Extruder Nozzle Using Load Cells:
    Towards an In-Line Quality-Control Device for 3D Printed Cement-Based Materials
  31. Ivaniuk Egor, Reißig Silvia, Mechtcherine Viktor (2024-09)
    Automating Penetration Tests for Fresh 3D Printed Cementitious Materials
  32. Jeyifous Olubunmi, Schönsee Eric, Strangfeld Christoph, Hüsken Götz (2024-09)
    Correlation of Continuously Measured In-Line Process Parameters and Extruded Geometry in 3D Concrete Printing Experiments
  33. Zat Tuani, Schmitt Duarte Ester, Webber Jaine, Matos Paulo et al. (2024-09)
    Comparison Between Yield-Stress-Measurements for Fiber-Reinforced 3D Concrete Printing
  34. Wolfs Robert, Bos Derk, Caron Jean-François, Gerke Markus et al. (2024-08)
    On-Line and In-Line Quality-Assessment Across All Scale Levels of 3D Concrete Printing
  35. Wangler Timothy, Tao Yaxin, Das Arnesh, Mahmoudi Matineh et al. (2024-08)
    Aluminate 2K Systems in Digital Concrete:
    Process, Design, Chemistry, and Outlook
  36. Aghaee Kamran, Li Linfei, Roshan Alireza, Namakiaraghi Parsa (2024-08)
    Additive Manufacturing Evolution in Construction:
    From Individual Terrestrial to Collective, Aerial, and Extraterrestrial Applications
  37. Assunção Badan Julie, Chadha Kunaljit, Vasey Lauren, Brumaud Coralie et al. (2024-06)
    Contribution of Production Processes in Environmental Impact of Low-Carbon Materials Made by Additive Manufacturing
  38. Hasani Alireza, Dorafshan Sattar (2024-06)
    Transforming Construction?:
    Evaluation of the State of Structural 3D Concrete Printing in Research and Practice
  39. Birru Bizu, Rehman Atta, Kim Jung-Hoon (2024-06)
    Comparative Analysis of Structural Build-Up in One-Component Stiff and Two-Component Shotcrete-Accelerated Set-on-Demand Mixtures for 3D Concrete Printing
  40. Matos Paulo, Prigol Hellen, Schackow Adilson, Silva Nazário Samara et al. (2024-06)
    Quality-Control-Tests of Fresh 3D Printable Cement-Based Materials
  41. Negron-McFarlane Christian, Kreiger Eric, Barna Lynette, Stynoski Peter et al. (2024-04)
    Development of In-Place Test-Methods for Evaluating Printable Concretes
  42. Alhaidary Haidar (2024-03)
    Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing as a Construction-Automation-Strategy and Assessments from a Case Study Building
  43. Rehman Atta, Kim Ik-Gyeom, Kim Jung-Hoon (2024-01)
    Towards Full Automation in 3D Concrete Printing Construction:
    Development of an Automated and In-Line Test-Method for In-Situ Assessment of Structural Build-Up and Quality of Concrete
  44. Fasihi Ali, Libre Nicolas (2024-01)
    From Pumping to Deposition:
    A Comprehensive Review of Test-Methods for Characterizing Concrete-Printability
  45. Rocha Douglas, Faria Paulina, Lucas Sandra (2023-12)
    Additive Manufacturing of Earth-Based Materials:
    A Literature Review on Mortar-Composition, Extrusion, and Processing Earth
  46. Kruppa Henning, Kalthoff Matthias, Vollpacht Anya, Matschei Thomas (2023-12)
    Development of an Alkali-Activated Binder for the Extrusion Process
  47. Reißig Silvia, Bedolla Carolin, Meyer Tamara, Mechtcherine Viktor (2023-12)
    Rheological Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced LC3 Fine-Grained Concrete in the Context of Additive Manufacturing
  48. Bos Derk, Wolfs Robert (2023-12)
    A Quality-Control Framework for Digital Fabrication with Concrete
  49. Peralta Abadi Patricia, Ahmad Muhammad, Smarsly Kay (2023-11)
    Printing-Information-Modeling for Additive Manufacturing of Concrete Structures
  50. Pan Tinghong, Guo Rongxin, Fu Chaoshu, Ji Xuping et al. (2023-10)
    Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing with Different Flow-Direction
  51. Demont Léo, Mesnil Romain, Ducoulombier Nicolas, Caron Jean-François (2023-10)
    Affordable In-Line Structuration Measurements of Printable Mortar with a Pocket-Shear-Vane
  52. Rehman Atta, Perrot Arnaud, Birru Bizu, Kim Jung-Hoon (2023-09)
    Recommendations for Quality-Control in Industrial 3D Concrete Printing Construction with Mono-Component Concrete:
    A Critical Evaluation of Ten Test-Methods and the Introduction of the Performance-Index
  53. Matos Paulo, Zat Tuani, Lima Marcelo, Neto José et al. (2023-08)
    Effect of the Superplasticizer-Addition Time on the Fresh Properties of 3D Printed Limestone-Calcined-Clay-Cement (LC³) Concrete
  54. Nunes Gabrielly, Anjos Marcos, Lins Ana, Negreiros Ana et al. (2023-08)
    Evaluation of the Mechanical Behavior of Representative Volumetric Elements of 3DCP Masonry-Mixtures with Partial Replacement of Cement by Limestone-Filler and Metakaolin
  55. Pedrosa Ana, Gaspar Florindo (2023-08)
    Rheology-Assessment of Mortar-Materials for Additive Manufacturing
  56. Wang Qing, Ren Xiaodan, Li Jie (2023-08)
    Damage-Rheology Model for Predicting 3D Printed Concrete Buildability
  57. Jacquet Yohan, Perrot Arnaud (2023-07)
    Sewing Concrete Device:
    Combining In-Line Rheology-Control and Reinforcement-System for 3D Concrete Printing
  58. Kruppa Henning, Kalthoff Matthias, Neef Tobias, Reißig Silvia et al. (2023-06)
    Alkali-Activated Binder-Requirements for Extrusion and 3D Printing of Carbon-Reinforced Concrete
  59. Ding Tao, Xiao Jianzhuang, Mechtcherine Viktor (2023-05)
    Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inter-Layer Regions in Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Concrete:
    A Critical Review
  60. Melichar Jindřich, Žižková Nikol, Brožovský Jiří, Mészárosová Lenka et al. (2022-11)
    Study of the Interaction of Cement-Based Materials for 3D Printing with Fly-Ash and Superabsorbent Polymers
  61. Kalthoff Matthias, Raupach Michael, Matschei Thomas (2022-09)
    Investigation of Rheological Test-Methods for the Suitability of Mortars for Manufacturing of Textile-Reinforced Concrete Using a Laboratory Mortar-Extruder:
    LabMorTex
  62. Buswell Richard (2022-06)
    CCR Digital Concrete 2022 SI:
    Editorial

BibTeX
@article{rous_busw_duco_ivan.2022.AtFPoPCBM,
  author            = "Nicolas Roussel and Richard A. Buswell and Nicolas Ducoulombier and Irina Ivanova and John Temitope Kolawole and Dirk Lowke and Viktor Mechtcherine and Romain Mesnil and Arnaud Perrot and Ursula Pott and Lex Reiter and Dietmar Stephan and Timothy Paul Wangler and Robert Johannes Maria Wolfs and Wenqiang Zuo",
  title             = "Assessing the Fresh Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials: High-Potential Tests for Quality-Control",
  doi               = "10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106836",
  year              = "2022",
  journal           = "Cement and Concrete Research",
  volume            = "158",
}
Formatted Citation

N. Roussel, “Assessing the Fresh Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials: High-Potential Tests for Quality-Control”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 158, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106836.

Roussel, Nicolas, Richard A. Buswell, Nicolas Ducoulombier, Irina Ivanova, John Temitope Kolawole, Dirk Lowke, Viktor Mechtcherine, et al.. “Assessing the Fresh Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials: High-Potential Tests for Quality-Control”. Cement and Concrete Research 158 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106836.