Skip to content

Enhancing Thixotropy of Fresh Cement-Pastes with Nano-Clay in Presence of Polycarboxylate-Ether Superplasticizer (PCE) (2018-06)

10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.013

 Qian Ye,  de Schutter Geert
Journal Article - Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 111, pp. 15-22

Abstract

Nanoclay, a thermal treated, purified attapulgite clay, has been used to increase thixotropy. However, the effect of nanoclay in presence of water reducing agent, such as PCE, on rheology, and the compatibility between nanoclay and PCE have not been well studied. The dynamic yield stress, thixotropic index, characteristic time, and microstructure of fresh cement pastes with combination of nanoclay and PCE addition are measured. It is found that nanoclay has a good compatibility with PCE. Nanoclay increases the dynamic yield stress and enhances the thixotropy of fresh cement pastes with and without PCE addition. The nanoclay addition agglomerates the microstructure at high PCE addition and increases the thixotropic index from bottom value to a high value. This study gives insight of achieving low dynamic yield stress yet high static yield stress and thixotropy mixture

2 References

  1. Kazemian Ali, Yuan Xiao, Cochran Evan, Khoshnevis Behrokh (2017-04)
    Cementitious Materials for Construction-Scale 3D Printing:
    Laboratory Testing of Fresh Printing Mixture
  2. Qian Ye, Kawashima Shiho (2016-09)
    Use of Creep Recovery Protocol to Measure Static Yield-Stress and Structural Rebuilding of Fresh Cement-Pastes

102 Citations

  1. Ramakrishnan Sayanthan, Ramesh Akilesh, Pasupathy Kirubajiny, Mechtcherine Viktor et al. (2026-04)
    Enhancing the Printability and Sustainability of 3D Concrete Printing Using Recycled Waste Glass as a Cement Substitute
  2. Luo Jianfen, Wang Qidong, Wang Lijia, Fang Mingyue (2026-03)
    A Review of the Rheological Properties of 3D-Printed Concrete:
    Raw Materials, Printing Parameters, and Evolution Mechanisms
  3. Jin Yuan, Sun Zhaoyang, Chen Mingxu, Zhou Xiangming et al. (2026-03)
    Predicting the Printability of Cementitious Composites in 3D Printing:
    Relevance Between Rheological Protocols and Structural Deformation
  4. Saeedi Ahmed, Collery David, O'Flaherty Tomas (2026-03)
    The Impact of Coarse Aggregates on the Performance of 3D-Printed Concrete:
    A Comprehensive Review
  5. Mahmood Mir, Alias Aizat, Hasan Kamrul (2026-02)
    A Bibliometric and Technical Review of Supplementary Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing: Research Trends, Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions
  6. Peng Yiming, Unluer Cise (2026-02)
    Thixotropic and Mechanical Behavior of MgO-SiO2 Pastes Incorporating Rice Husk Ash for Extrusion‐Based 3D Printing
  7. Tushar Fazlul, Hasan Mehedi, Hasan Kamrul, Mawa Jannatul et al. (2026-01)
    Factors Affecting Flowability and Rheological Behavior of 3D Printed Concrete:
    A Comprehensive Review
  8. Feng Hu, Yuan Xiang, Yu Zhenyu, Guo Aofei et al. (2025-12)
    Printability and Rheological Properties of 3D Printing Ultra-High Ductility Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Composites
  9. Sun Yan, Du Guoqiang, Mudasir Maryam (2025-11)
    Rheological Investigations of Fresh Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites Using Hydrophobic / Hydrophilic UHMWPE Fibers for 3D Concrete Printing Evaluation
  10. Sun Yan, Mudasir Maryam (2025-09)
    3D Printing Performance of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites with Different UHMWPE Fibers in Correlation with Rheology
  11. Si Wen, Carr Liam, Zia Asad, Khan Mehran et al. (2025-08)
    Advancing 3D Printable Concrete with Nanoclays:
    Rheological and Mechanical Insights for Construction Applications
  12. Jin Yuan, Jiang Chengzhi, Gan Xingyu, Sun Zhaoyang et al. (2025-07)
    Enhancing the Printability of 3D Printed White Cementitious Materials with Accelerators:
    Evolution of Early-Age Hydration and Rheology
  13. Zafar Muhammad, Javadnejad Farid, Hojati Maryam (2025-07)
    Optimizing Rheological Properties of 3D Printed Cementitious Materials via Ensemble Machine Learning
  14. Huang Jianxiang, Wang Caifeng, Jian Shouwei, Tan Hongbo et al. (2025-04)
    Feasibility of Applying Attapulgite, Sodium Bentonite and Nano-Silica as a Viscosity Modifier Admixture for 3D Printing of Gypsum-Based Materials
  15. Cho Eunsan, Gwon Seongwoo, Cha Soowon, Shin Myoungsu (2025-04)
    Impact of Accelerator on Rheological Properties of Cement Composites with Cellulose Microfibers:
    3D Printing Perspective
  16. Tseng Kuo-Chang, Chi Maochieh, Yeih Weichung, Huang Ran (2025-04)
    Influence of Slag/Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement on Printability and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Concrete
  17. Du Guoqiang, Sun Yan, Qian Ye (2025-03)
    In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Compressive Performance of Bio-Inspired 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composite Lattice Structures
  18. Zafar Muhammad, Shahid Adnan, Sedghi Reza, Hojati Maryam (2025-03)
    Optimization of Biopolymer Additives for 3D Printable Cementitious Systems:
    A Design of Experiment Approach
  19. Du Guoqiang, Qian Ye (2025-01)
    Enhancing the Fracture and Flexural Behavior of 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites with Nature-Inspired Single and Double Bouligand Structures
  20. Tarhan Yeşim, Tarhan İsmail, Şahin Remzi (2024-12)
    Comprehensive Review of Binder Matrices in 3D Printing Construction:
    Rheological Perspectives
  21. Khan Mirza, Ahmed Aayzaz, Ali Tariq, Qureshi Muhammad et al. (2024-12)
    Comprehensive Review of 3D Printed Concrete, Life Cycle Assessment, AI and ML Models:
    Materials, Engineered Properties and Techniques for Additive Manufacturing
  22. Ali Mohd, Rub Rashid, Banat Fawzi, Kim Tae-Yeon (2024-11)
    Enhancing the Printing Quality and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Cement Composites with Date-Syrup-Based Graphene-Coated-Sand Hybrid
  23. Sadeghzadeh Benam Shaghayegh, Sandalci Ilgin, Kara Burhan, Bebek Özkan et al. (2024-11)
    Improving the 3D Printability of High-Volume Fly-Ash Mixtures Through Addition of Mineral Admixtures
  24. Jin Peng, Hasany Masoud, Kohestanian Mohammad, Mehrali Mehdi (2024-10)
    Micro/Nano Additives in 3D Printing Concrete:
    Opportunities, Challenges, and Potential Outlook in Construction Applications
  25. Du Guoqiang, Qian Ye (2024-10)
    Bio-Inspired 3D Printing of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites Reticulated Shell-Roofs
  26. Sun Junbo, Zhang Yanling, Wu Qi, Wang Yufei et al. (2024-10)
    3D Printed Concrete Incorporating Waste-Rubber:
    Anisotropic Properties and Environmental Impact-Analysis
  27. Du Guoqiang, Sun Yan, Qian Ye (2024-10)
    Nature-Inspired Approach for Enhancing the Fracture Performance of 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (3DP-SHCC)
  28. Huseien Ghasan, Tan Shea, Saleh Ali, Lim Nor et al. (2024-08)
    Test-Procedures and Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Printable Concrete Enclosing Different Mix-Proportions:
    A Review and Bibliometric Analysis
  29. Sahana C., Soda Prabhath, Dwivedi Ashutosh, Kumar Sandeep et al. (2024-07)
    3D Printing with Stabilized Earth:
    Material-Development and Effect of Carbon-Sequestration on Engineering-Performance
  30. Aslani Farhad, Zhang Yifan (2024-06)
    Sustainable 3D Printed Concrete Structures Using High-Quality Secondary Raw Materials
  31. González-Fonteboa Belén, Seara-Paz Sindy, Caneda-Martínez Laura (2024-06)
    3D Printing Concrete with Byproducts
  32. Qiu Minghong, Qian Ye, Dai Jian-Guo (2024-05)
    Enhancing the Flexural Performance of Concrete Beams with 3D Printed UHP-SHCC Permanent Formwork via Graded Fiber Volume Fraction
  33. Khan Mehran, McNally Ciaran (2024-05)
    Recent Developments on Low-Carbon 3D Printing Concrete:
    Revolutionizing Construction Through Innovative Technology
  34. Geng Songyuan, Mei Liu, Cheng Boyuan, Luo Qilong et al. (2024-03)
    Revolutionizing 3D Concrete Printing:
    Leveraging Random-Forest-Model for Precise Printability and Rheological Prediction
  35. Soda Prabhath, Dwivedi Ashutosh, Sahana C., Gupta Souradeep (2024-03)
    Development of 3D Printable Stabilized Earth-Based Construction Materials Using Excavated Soil:
    Evaluation of Fresh and Hardened Properties
  36. Du Guoqiang, Sun Yan, Qian Ye (2024-03)
    Flexural Performance of Nature-Inspired 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites with Bouligand Structures
  37. Zhang Yi, Ren Qiang, Dai Xiaodi, Tao Yaxin et al. (2024-03)
    A Potential Active Rheology-Control Approach for 3D Printable Cement-Based Materials:
    Coupling of Temperature and Viscosity-Modifiers
  38. Gou Hongxiang, Sofi Massoud, Zhang Zipeng, Zhu Mintao et al. (2024-03)
    Combined Printable and Mechanical Analysis of 3D Printed Green High-Strength, Lightweight Engineered Cementitious Composites
  39. Jia Lutao, Jia Zijian, Zhang Zedi, Tang Zhenzhong et al. (2024-02)
    Effect of Recycled Brick-Powder with Various Particle-Features on Early-Age Hydration, Water-State, and Rheological Properties of Blended Cement-Paste in the Context of 3D Printing
  40. Natanzi Atteyeh, McNally Ciaran (2023-12)
    Experimental Investigation of Low-Carbon 3D Printed Concrete
  41. Li Long, Hao Lucen, Li Xiao-Sheng, Xiao Jianzhuang et al. (2023-11)
    Development of CO2-Integrated 3D Printing Concrete
  42. Zhao Zengfeng, Ji Chenyuan, Xiao Jianzhuang, Yao Lei et al. (2023-11)
    A Critical Review on Reducing the Environmental Impact of 3D Printing Concrete:
    Material-Preparation, Construction-Process and Structure-Level
  43. Pan Tinghong, Guo Rongxin, Fu Chaoshu, Ji Xuping et al. (2023-10)
    Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing with Different Flow-Direction
  44. Ji Xuping, Pan Tinghong, Liu Xingyao, Zhao Wenhao et al. (2023-09)
    Characterization of Thixotropic Properties of Fresh Cement‐Based Materials
  45. Paritala Spandana, Singaram Kailash, Bathina Indira, Khan Mohd et al. (2023-08)
    Rheology and Pumpability of Mix Suitable for Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing:
    A Review
  46. Varela Hugo, Barluenga Gonzalo, Sonebi Mohammed (2023-07)
    Rheology Characterization of 3D Printing Mortars with Nano-Clays and Basalt-Fibers
  47. Varela Hugo, Barluenga Gonzalo, Perrot Arnaud (2023-07)
    Extrusion and Structural Build-Up of 3D Printing Cement-Pastes with Fly-Ash, Nano-Clay and VMAs
  48. Zhang Nan, Sanjayan Jay (2023-07)
    Mechanisms of Rheological Modifiers for Quick Mixing Method in 3D Concrete Printing
  49. Wang Fei, Hua Sudong, Chen Tingzhu, He Bijuan et al. (2023-07)
    Effect of Nano-Clay and PCE on the Buildability of Ultra-Fine Dredged Sand-Based 3D Printing Materials
  50. Daher Jana, Kleib Joelle, Benzerzour Mahfoud, Abriak Nor-Edine et al. (2023-06)
    The Development of Soil-Based 3D Printable Mixtures:
    A Mix-Design Methodology and a Case Study
  51. Tao Yaxin, Dai Xiaodi, Schutter Geert, Tittelboom Kim (2023-06)
    Set-on-Demand of Alkali-Activated Slag Mixture Using Twin-Pipe Pumping
  52. Fan Dingqiang, Zhu Jinyun, Fan Mengxin, Lu Jianxian et al. (2023-04)
    Intelligent Design and Manufacturing of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete:
    A Review
  53. Razzaghian Ghadikolaee Mehrdad, Cerro-Prada Elena, Pan Zhu, Korayem Asghar (2023-04)
    Nanomaterials as Promising Additives for High-Performance 3D Printed Concrete:
    A Critical Review
  54. Qu Zhengyao, Yu Qingliang, Ong Ghim, Cardinaels Ruth et al. (2023-04)
    3D Printing Concrete Containing Thermal Responsive Gelatin:
    Towards Cold Environment Applications
  55. Xu Nuoyan, Qian Ye (2023-04)
    Effects of Fiber-Volume Fraction, Fiber Length, Water-Binder Ratio, and Nano-Clay Addition on the 3D Printability of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites
  56. Quah Tan, Tay Yi, Lim Jian, Tan Ming et al. (2023-03)
    Concrete 3D Printing:
    Process-Parameters for Process-Control, Monitoring and Diagnosis in Automation and Construction
  57. Dai Xiaodi, Tao Yaxin, Tittelboom Kim, Schutter Geert (2023-02)
    Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Alkali-Activated Slag Mixtures with Addition of Nano Clay
  58. Kaushik Sandipan, Sonebi Mohammed, Amato Giuseppina, Das Utpal et al. (2023-02)
    Optimization of Mix Proportion of 3D Printable Mortar Based on Rheological Properties and Material-Strength Using Factorial Design of Experiment
  59. Tao Yaxin, Mohan Manu, Rahul Attupurathu, Schutter Geert et al. (2023-02)
    Development of a Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Portland Cement Binary System for Twin-Pipe 3D Concrete Printing
  60. Peng Yiming, Unluer Cise (2022-12)
    Development of Alternative Cementitious Binders for 3D Printing Applications:
    A Critical Review of Progress, Advantages and Challenges
  61. Kaliyavaradhan Senthil, Ambily Parukutty, Prem Prabhat, Ghodke Swapnil (2022-08)
    Test-Methods for 3D Printable Concrete
  62. Aydin Eylül, Kara Burhan, Bundur Zeynep, Özyurt Nilüfer et al. (2022-08)
    A Comparative Evaluation of Sepiolite and Nano-Montmorillonite on the Rheology of Cementitious Materials for 3D Printing
  63. Liu Chao, Chen Yuning, Xiong Yuanliang, Jia Lutao et al. (2022-06)
    Influence of Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose and Silica-Fume on Buildability of 3D Printing Foam-Concrete:
    From Water State and Flocculation Point of View
  64. Mohan Manu, Rahul Attupurathu, Tao Yaxin, Schutter Geert et al. (2022-06)
    Hydration Re-Initiation of Borated CSA Systems with a Two-Stage Mixing Process:
    An Application in Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing
  65. Xu Nuoyan, Qian Ye, Yu Jing, Leung Christopher (2022-05)
    Tensile Performance of 3D Printed Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites Considering Material-Parameters, Nozzle-Size and Printing-Pattern
  66. Ramakrishnan Sayanthan, Kanagasuntharam Sasitharan, Sanjayan Jay (2022-05)
    In-Line Activation of Cementitious Materials for 3D Concrete Printing
  67. Zhao Zhihui, Chen Mingxu, Jin Yuan, Lu Lingchao et al. (2022-05)
    Rheology-Control Towards 3D Printed Magnesium-Potassium-Phosphate-Cement Composites
  68. Biricik Öznur, Mardani Ali (2022-05)
    Parameters Affecting Thixotropic Behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete and 3D Printable Concrete:
    A State of the Art Review
  69. Pan Tinghong, Jiang Yaqing, Ji Xuping (2022-03)
    Inter-Layer Bonding Investigation of 3D Printing Cementitious Materials with Fluidity-Retaining Polycarboxylate-Superplasticizer and High-Dispersion Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer
  70. Jiang Zhengwu, Yang Qian, Zhu Yanmei, Zhang Yi et al. (2022-03)
    Evaluating the Stiffening Effect of CSA and Sodium Carbonate on the Printability of OPC Mortar
  71. Ting Guan, Quah Tan, Lim Jian, Tay Yi et al. (2022-01)
    Extrudable Region Parametrical Study of 3D Printable Concrete Using Recycled-Glass Concrete
  72. Yao Hao, Xie Zonglin, Li Zemin, Huang Chuhan et al. (2021-11)
    The Relationship Between the Rheological Behavior and Inter-Layer Bonding Properties of 3D Printing Cementitious Materials with the Addition of Attapulgite
  73. Douba Ala, Kawashima Shiho (2021-11)
    Use of Nano-Clays and Methylcellulose to Tailor Rheology for Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing
  74. Kondepudi Kala, Subramaniam Kolluru (2021-11)
    Extrusion-Based Three-Dimensional Printing Performance of Alkali-Activated Binders
  75. Zou Shuai, Xiao Jianzhuang, Duan Zhenhua, Ding Tao et al. (2021-10)
    On Rheology of Mortar with Recycled Fine Aggregate for 3D Printing
  76. Miranda Luiza, Lesage Karel, Schutter Geert (2021-09)
    Understanding the Structural Build-Up-Rate of Cementitious Materials for 3D Printing
  77. Wang Yu, Jiang Yaqing, Pan Tinghong, Yin Kangting (2021-08)
    The Synergistic Effect of Ester-Ether Copolymerization Thixo-Tropic Superplasticizer and Nano-Clay on the Buildability of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials
  78. Zhao Zhihui, Chen Mingxu, Zhong Xu, Huang Yongbo et al. (2021-07)
    Effects of Bentonite, Diatomite and Metakaolin on the Rheological Behavior of 3D Printed Magnesium-Potassium-Phosphate-Cement Composites
  79. Rehman Atta, Kim Jung-Hoon (2021-07)
    3D Concrete Printing:
    A Systematic Review of Rheology, Mix Designs, Mechanical, Microstructural, and Durability Characteristics
  80. Zhang Chao, Nerella Venkatesh, Krishna Anurag, Wang Shen et al. (2021-06)
    Mix-Design Concepts for 3D Printable Concrete:
    A Review
  81. Sun Junbo, Huang Yimiao, Aslani Farhad, Wang Xiangyu et al. (2021-05)
    Mechanical Enhancement for EMW-Absorbing Cementitious Material Using 3D Concrete Printing
  82. Ting Guan, Tay Yi, Tan Ming (2021-04)
    Experimental Measurement on the Effects of Recycled Glass-Cullets as Aggregates for Construction 3D Printing
  83. Kondepudi Kala, Subramaniam Kolluru (2021-02)
    Formulation of Alkali-Activated Fly-Ash-Slag Binders for 3D Concrete Printing
  84. Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Zhang Dong, Tan Ming et al. (2021-02)
    Investigation of Inter-Layer Adhesion of 3D Printable Cementitious Material from the Aspect of Printing-Process
  85. Pan Tinghong, Jiang Yaqing, He Hui, Wang Yu et al. (2021-01)
    Effect of Structural Build-Up on Inter-Layer Bond Strength of 3D Printed Cement Mortars
  86. Hou Shaodan, Duan Zhenhua, Xiao Jianzhuang, Ye Jun (2020-12)
    A Review of 3D Printed Concrete:
    Performance-Requirements, Testing Measurements and Mix-Design
  87. Mohan Manu, Rahul Attupurathu, Schutter Geert, Tittelboom Kim (2020-10)
    Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing from a Material Perspective:
    A State of the Art Review
  88. Chu Shaohua, Li Leo, Kwan Albert (2020-09)
    Development of Extrudable High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Incorporating Nano-Calcium-Carbonate
  89. Xiao Jianzhuang, Zou Shuai, Yu Ying, Wang Yu et al. (2020-09)
    3D Recycled Mortar Printing:
    System-Development, Process-Design, Material-Properties and On-Site-Printing
  90. Li Zhanzhao, Hojati Maryam, Wu Zhengyu, Piasente Jonathon et al. (2020-07)
    Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Cementitious Materials:
    A Review
  91. Douba Ala, Chan Clare, Berrios Stephanie, Kawashima Shiho (2020-07)
    Synthesis of Hybridized Rheological Modifiers for 3D Concrete Printing
  92. Moeini Mohammad, Hosseinpoor Masoud, Yahia Ammar (2020-07)
    Use of the Chemical and Mineral Admixtures to Tailor the Rheology and the Green Strength of 3D Printing Cementitious Mixtures
  93. Natanzi Atteyeh, McNally Ciaran (2020-07)
    Characterising Concrete Mixes for 3D Printing
  94. Varela Hugo, Barluenga Gonzalo, Palomar Irene (2020-07)
    Rheology Evaluation of Cement-Paste with Nano-Clay , Nano-Silica and Polymeric Admixtures for Digital Fabrication
  95. Moeini Mohammad, Hosseinpoor Masoud, Yahia Ammar (2020-05)
    Effectiveness of the Rheometric Methods to Evaluate the Build-Up of Cementitious Mortars Used for 3D Printing
  96. Panda Biranchi, Mohamed Nisar, Paul Suvash, Bhagath Singh Gangapatnam et al. (2019-07)
    The Effect of Material Fresh Properties and Process Parameters on Buildability and Inter-Layer Adhesion of 3D Printed Concrete
  97. Lu Bing, Qian Ye, Li Mingyang, Weng Yiwei et al. (2019-04)
    Designing Spray-Based 3D Printable Cementitious Materials with Fly-Ash-Cenosphere and Air-Entraining Agent
  98. Ting Guan, Tay Yi, Qian Ye, Tan Ming (2019-03)
    Utilization of Recycled Glass for 3D Concrete Printing:
    Rheological and Mechanical Properties
  99. Lu Bing, Weng Yiwei, Li Mingyang, Qian Ye et al. (2019-02)
    A Systematical Review of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials
  100. Rahul Attupurathu, Santhanam Manu, Meena Hitesh, Ghani Zimam (2018-12)
    3D Printable Concrete:
    Mixture-Design and Test-Methods
  101. Panda Biranchi, Ruan Shaoqin, Unluer Cise, Tan Ming (2018-11)
    Improving the 3D Printability of High-Volume Fly-Ash Mixtures via the Use of Nano-Attapulgite-Clay
  102. Weng Yiwei, Lu Bing, Li Mingyang, Liu Zhixin et al. (2018-09)
    Empirical Models to Predict Rheological Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites for 3D Printing

BibTeX
@article{qian_schu.2018.EToFCPwNCiPoPESP,
  author            = "Ye Qian and Geert de Schutter",
  title             = "Enhancing Thixotropy of Fresh Cement-Pastes with Nano-Clay in Presence of Polycarboxylate-Ether Superplasticizer (PCE)",
  doi               = "10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.013",
  year              = "2018",
  journal           = "Cement and Concrete Research",
  volume            = "111",
  pages             = "15--22",
}
Formatted Citation

Y. Qian and G. de Schutter, “Enhancing Thixotropy of Fresh Cement-Pastes with Nano-Clay in Presence of Polycarboxylate-Ether Superplasticizer (PCE)”, Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 111, pp. 15–22, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.013.

Qian, Ye, and Geert de Schutter. “Enhancing Thixotropy of Fresh Cement-Pastes with Nano-Clay in Presence of Polycarboxylate-Ether Superplasticizer (PCE)”. Cement and Concrete Research 111 (2018): 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.013.