Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing for Sustainable Construction and Architecture (2025-11)¶

Three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) has emerged as a transformative technology in the construction and architecture industries, offering automation, design flexibility, cost savings, and reduced environmental impact. Over the past decade, research has advanced in material development, structural performance, process optimization, and large-scale applications, such as housing, infrastructure, and disaster relief. Despite this progress, challenges remain, including the absence of standardized mix designs, reinforcement strategies, quality control measures, durability data, and universal regulatory frameworks. This article aims to provide a systematic review of recent developments in three-dimensional printable materials, process parameters, architectural integration, structural performance, and sustainability outcomes. Global case studies and bibliometric insights are synthesized to identify regional leadership, emerging technologies, and existing gaps. Particular emphasis is placed on sustainability through waste-based supplementary cementitious materials, enhanced thermal and mechanical performance, and circular economy approaches. The review highlights key research gaps in material compatibility, large-scale structural validation, and life-cycle assessment, while proposing a roadmap for future adoption. By consolidating current knowledge, this study serves as a reference for researchers, architects, and industry professionals working toward sustainable and scalable applications of 3DCP.