3D Printable Mortars with Green Materials (2025-11)¶
, , ,
Journal Article - European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, pp. 1-26
Abstract
This study aims to improve the fresh and hardened properties of 3D-printable mortars. For this purpose, mortar mixtures containing cellulose nanofibres (CNF) obtained from the green algae of the Cladophora sp., which is abundant in lakes and causes environmental pollution if not recycled, as well as commercially available cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and welan gum (WG) were prepared. The results showed that CNF was the most effective additive in improving fresh-state rheology, increasing yield stress by approximately 6 times and thixotropy by 48 times compared to the reference sample. Additionally, the CNF-modified mortar could carry a load of 50 N in the fresh state. The CNC additive showed the best mechanical performance, increasing compressive strength by 12%. Cellulosic additives were also observed to reduce shrinkage. Nanocellulose additives also increased the interlayer adhesion strength. All additives used have improved the properties of 3D-printable mortars. This study successfully produced a 3D-printable concrete/mortar additive from Cladophora sp., an environmentally detrimental waste material.
¶
37 References
- Armstrong Kristina, Kamath Dipti, Zhao Xianhui, Rencheck Mitchell et al. (2023-07)
Life Cycle Cost, Energy, and Carbon Emissions of Molds for Pre-Cast Concrete:
Exploring the Impacts of Material-Choices and Additive Manufacturing - Biricik Öznur, Mardani Ali (2022-05)
Parameters Affecting Thixotropic Behavior of Self-Compacting Concrete and 3D Printable Concrete:
A State of the Art Review - Buswell Richard, Soar Rupert, Gibb Alistar, Thorpe Tony (2006-06)
Freeform Construction:
Mega-Scale Rapid Manufacturing for Construction - Chen Mingxu, Li Laibo, Zheng Yan, Zhao Piqi et al. (2018-09)
Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Admixtures-Modified 3D Printing Sulphoaluminate Cementitious Materials - Chen Mingxu, Yang Lei, Zheng Yan, Huang Yongbo et al. (2020-04)
Yield-Stress and Thixotropy-Control of 3D Printed Calcium-Sulfoaluminate Cement Composites with Metakaolin Related to Structural Build-Up - Chen Yuxuan, Zhang Longfei, Wei Kai, Gao Huaxing et al. (2024-04)
Rheology-Control and Shrinkage-Mitigation of 3D Printed Geopolymer Concrete Using Nano-Cellulose and Magnesium-Oxide - Gamage Kumari, Fawzia Sabrina, Zahra Tatheer, Teixeira Muge et al. (2024-02)
Advancement in Sustainable 3D Concrete Printing:
A Review on Materials, Challenges, and Current Progress in Australia - Ghantous Rita, Valadez-Carranza Yvette, Reese Steven, Weiss William (2022-06)
Drying Behavior of 3D Printed Cementitious Pastes Containing Cellulose-Nano-Crystals - Gosselin Clément, Duballet Romain, Roux Philippe, Gaudillière-Jami Nadja et al. (2016-03)
Large-Scale 3D Printing of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete:
A New Processing Route for Architects and Builders - Hager Izabela, Golonka Anna, Putanowicz Roman (2016-08)
3D Printing of Buildings and Building Components as the Future of Sustainable Construction? - Han Xiaoyu, Yan Jiachuan, Chen Tiefeng, Tang Boyang et al. (2023-07)
Plastic Shrinkage of 3D Printed Concrete Under Different Self-Weight of Upper Layers - Jarabo Rocío, Fuente González Elena, García Calvo José, Carballosa Pedro et al. (2024-08)
Nano-Crystalline-Cellulose to Reduce Superplasticizer-Demand in 3D Printing of Cementitious Materials - Khan Shayan, Ghazi Syed, Amjad Hassan, Imram Muhammad et al. (2023-12)
Emerging Horizons in 3D Printed Cement-Based Materials with Nano-Material-Integration:
A Review - Kilic Ugur, Soliman Nancy, Omran Ahmed, Ozbulut Osman (2024-06)
Effects of Cellulose Nanofibrils on Rheological and Mechanical Properties of 3D Printable Cement Composites - Kreiger Eric, Kreiger Megan, Case Michael (2019-04)
Development of the Construction Processes for Reinforced Additively Constructed Concrete - Li Zhanzhao, Hojati Maryam, Wu Zhengyu, Piasente Jonathon et al. (2020-07)
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Cementitious Materials:
A Review - Liu Chao, Wang Xianggang, Chen Yuning, Zhang Chao et al. (2021-06)
Influence of Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose and Silica-Fume on Stability, Rheological Properties, and Printability of 3D Printing Foam-Concrete - Lloret-Fritschi Ena, Shahab Amir, Linus Mettler, Flatt Robert et al. (2014-03)
Complex Concrete Structures:
Merging Existing Casting Techniques with Digital Fabrication - Long Wujian, Tao Jie-Lin, Lin Can, Gu Yucun et al. (2019-08)
Rheology and Buildability of Sustainable Cement-Based Composites Containing Micro-Crystalline Cellulose for 3D Printing - Ma Guowei, Salman Nazar, Wang Li, Wang Fang (2020-02)
A Novel Additive Mortar Leveraging Internal Curing for Enhancing Inter-Layer Bonding of Cementitious Composite for 3D Printing - Manikandan Karthick, Wi Kwangwoo, Zhang Xiao, Wang Kejin et al. (2020-03)
Characterizing Cement Mixtures for Concrete 3D Printing - Moelich Gerrit, Kruger Jacques, Combrinck Riaan (2021-09)
Modelling the Inter-Layer Bond Strength of 3D Printed Concrete with Surface Moisture - Panda Biranchi, Tan Ming (2018-03)
Experimental Study on Mix Proportion and Fresh Properties of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer for 3D Concrete Printing - Paritala Spandana, Singaram Kailash, Bathina Indira, Khan Mohd et al. (2023-08)
Rheology and Pumpability of Mix Suitable for Extrusion-Based Concrete 3D Printing:
A Review - Reiter Lex, Wangler Timothy, Roussel Nicolas, Flatt Robert (2018-06)
The Role of Early-Age Structural Build-Up in Digital Fabrication with Concrete - Riaz Raja, Usman Muhammad, Ali Ammar, Majid Usama et al. (2023-06)
Inclusive Characterization of 3D Printed Concrete in Additive Manufacturing:
A Detailed Review - Roussel Nicolas (2018-05)
Rheological Requirements for Printable Concretes - Salman Nazar, Ma Guowei, Ijaz Nauman, Wang Li (2021-04)
Importance and Potential of Cellulosic Materials and Derivatives in Extrusion-Based 3D Concrete Printing:
Prospects and Challenges - Saruhan Vedat, Keskinateş Muhammer, Felekoğlu Burak (2022-04)
A Comprehensive Review on Fresh State Rheological Properties of Extrusion-Mortars Designed for 3D Printing Applications - Tay Yi, Panda Biranchi, Paul Suvash, Mohamed Nisar et al. (2017-05)
3D Printing Trends in Building and Construction Industry:
A Review - Tay Yi, Qian Ye, Tan Ming (2019-05)
Printability-Region for 3D Concrete Printing Using Slump- and Slump-Flow-Test - Ting Guan, Quah Tan, Lim Jian, Tay Yi et al. (2022-01)
Extrudable Region Parametrical Study of 3D Printable Concrete Using Recycled-Glass Concrete - Wangler Timothy, Lloret-Fritschi Ena, Reiter Lex, Hack Norman et al. (2016-10)
Digital Concrete:
Opportunities and Challenges - Wolfs Robert, Bos Freek, Salet Theo (2019-03)
Hardened Properties of 3D Printed Concrete:
The Influence of Process Parameters on Inter-Layer Adhesion - Yin Yunchao, Huang Jian, Wang Tiezhu, Yang Rong et al. (2023-09)
Effect of Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose on Rheology and Printability of the First Printed Layer of Cement Activated Slag-Based 3D Printing Concrete - Zhang Jingchuan, Wang Jialiang, Dong Sufen, Yu Xun et al. (2019-07)
A Review of the Current Progress and Application of 3D Printed Concrete - Zhang Yu, Zhang Yunsheng, Liu Guojian, Yang Yonggan et al. (2018-04)
Fresh Properties of a Novel 3D Printing Concrete Ink
0 Citations
BibTeX
@article{turk_turk_edeb_kesk.2025.3PMwGM,
author = "Ayşe Türk and Furkan Türk and Serpil Edebali and Ülkü Sultan Keskin",
title = "3D Printable Mortars with Green Materials: Sustainable Solutions with Nanocellulose",
doi = "10.1080/19648189.2025.2579932",
year = "2025",
journal = "European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering",
pages = "1--26",
}
Formatted Citation
A. Türk, F. Türk, S. Edebali and Ü. S. Keskin, “3D Printable Mortars with Green Materials: Sustainable Solutions with Nanocellulose”, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, pp. 1–26, 2025, doi: 10.1080/19648189.2025.2579932.
Türk, Ayşe, Furkan Türk, Serpil Edebali, and Ülkü Sultan Keskin. “3D Printable Mortars with Green Materials: Sustainable Solutions with Nanocellulose”. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2025, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2025.2579932.