A Systematic Review on Sustainable 3D Concrete Printing (2025-06)¶

This paper presents a systematic literature review of the opportunities and challenges of implementing 3D concrete printing (3DCP) in the construction industry. While 3DCP holds significant potential to improve construction processes by enhancing efficiency, sustainability, and design flexibility, its widespread adoption is hindered by several challenges. A structured review methodology was employed, analysing 58 peer-reviewed articles sourced from SCOPUS and Discovery databases, using the PRISMA guidelines for comprehensive screening and analysis. The findings are categorised using the PESTEL framework (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal), offering a detailed perspective on the factors influencing 3DCP implementation. Key opportunities include improved time efficiency, cost-effectiveness, reduced material waste, and greater design flexibility. Conversely, significant challenges include the absence of standardised technical and legal frameworks, a shortage of skilled labour, high initial investment costs for machinery and materials, and limited available resources. These barriers present significant obstacles to adopting technology within the construction sector. This research highlights gaps in cost considerations, governmental support, and technological advancements. Addressing these gaps through industry collaboration, case studies, improved regulatory frameworks, and continued technological innovation could accelerate the adoption of 3DCP, enabling its integration into construction industry practices and fostering more efficient, sustainable, and innovative building processes. The findings contribute valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking new insights to overcome current challenges and maximise the potential of 3DCP technology in the construction sector.