Analysis of Factors Influencing the Maximum Continuous Printing Height of 3D Printed Concrete (2025-06)¶

A quantitative assessment of the buildability of 3D printed concrete is essential. This can be done by investigating the factors that influence the maximum continuous printing height (MCPH) or maximum number of printed layers (MNPL). In this study, sixteen cases of indoor experiments of 3D printed concrete are collected and analyzed. The range of values for each statistical parameter and the failure modes of the MCPH are given. The results show that MCPH and MNPL are related to the material parameters, printing parameters and geometrical parameters of the designed 3D printing structure. Specifically, the material parameters mainly include density, early elastic modulus and compressive strength, while the printing parameters mainly include printing speed, printing time gap and printing time, and the geometric parameters mainly include layer height, layer width, single-layer length and quadratic moment of inertia. It is shown that the correlation coefficients of these parameters with the MNPL differ considerably. In addition, several data on the elastic buckling failure mode are used to assess Roussel's empirical formula for predicting the MCPH. This research is expected to support the quantitative assessment and prediction of buildability and parametric design of early age 3D printed concrete