Evaluating the Impact of Different Variables on the Aesthetic Appearance and Structural Integrity of 3D Concrete Printed Panels (2025-11)¶

3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) has exceptional development in recent decade. Compared to cast in situ and precast concrete, 3DCP has the ability to produce unique innovative designs with complex details. In addition, 3DCP has a positive environmental impact, and improve sustainability, as it reduces material consumption and minimizes material wastes. It also saves construction time, and resolves the lack of skilled labors. This paper reviews recent design and development of 3DCP cladding panels that have been installed at Corporate Academy Project (CAP) in Dhahran-KSA. It focuses on material selection process that has been adapted to suite KSA climate, and to provide required complex patterns of rendering as well. It also evaluates the impact of different variables that have been controlled during printing process on the final texture and aesthetic appearance. The structural enhancement of the interface between printed panels and the cladded concrete structure is also discussed, which offers forward-looking approach to the concept of structural integrity. In addition, lessons learned are summarized. The study findings indicate improved quality of 3DCP panels that can be widely used in complex façade cladding. In addition, researchers and practitioners can use these findings as the basis for farther development.