From Mix to Structure (2026-01)¶

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of 3D printed fiber-reinforced concrete (3DP-FRC), focusing on its characteristics in the fresh state, mechanical properties, durability, and potential structural applications. The discussion begins with an examination of the mixing process and raw materials used in 3DP-FRC, as well as the printing techniques involved. It also addresses the challenges associated with pumpability, extrudability, buildability, rheology, and other fresh properties, providing insights into possible solutions. Key factors that affect pumpability, extrusion, and buildability—including fiber characteristics, admixture content, and nozzle design—are analyzed to optimize the formulation of printable mixtures. Additionally, this paper reviews mechanical and durability aspects, covering hardening, bonding strength, long-term performance, and microstructural improvements. Furthermore, various structural applications of 3DP-FRC assess its viability for complex geometries and sustainable construction practices. By synthesizing emerging research, this study highlights both opportunities and challenges in advancing 3DP-FRC for broader adoption in modern construction.