Human Factor in 3D Concrete Printing for Construction (2025-07)¶

3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) is transforming construction by automating wall fabrication and reducing labor-related hazards. However, its integration presents new challenges related to human-robot interaction (HRI) and safety. This study investigates human factors in 3DCP through a survey of 553 Architecture, Engineering, and Construction professionals and a literature review. Findings show strong industry support for 3DCP’s safety benefits but highlight concerns about training costs, lack of regulations, and workforce adaptability. General contractors prefer outsourcing 3DCP tasks, especially commissioning. Additionally, 3D printing companies often underestimate safety risks in tasks involving direct interaction with robots. The study defines key human roles and HRI levels in 3DCP projects, emphasizing the need for clearer role-based risk assessments. This work contributes to developing safer, more efficient practices for 3D printing in construction.